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1 Jerónimos, Monastery of
(Mosteiro do Jerónimos)Located at Belém, west of Lisbon, the Monastery and Cathedral of Jerônimos is the most magnificent of the Age of Discoveries monuments. Ordered built as a gift to the monastic Order of Hieronymites by King Manuel I ( 1469- 1521), following the return of Vasco da Gama from India in 1499, Jerónimos was constructed between 1502 and 1525. The purpose of this massive building was to commemorate the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India. Its location, at the time of its building very close to the water, was near the Restelo beach, the departure point for da Gama's voyage.One of Portugal's premier tourist attractions, Jerónimos consists of a church and claustrum and a portion of the convent, partially destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The Manueline architectural style was an innovation (named for King Manuel I, who helped finance constructions from the new imperial wealth from Africa and Asia; more recently, students employ the term Atlantic Baroque), with columns, pillars, and door frames decorated elaborately with stone sculpted in the form of maritime objects such as ship ropes, coral, sea life, sailors, and seaweeds.Jerónimos is inland from the Monument of the Discoveries, in an open square once the main site of the 1940 Double Centenary Exposition of the Portuguese World, a kind of Lisbon world's fair. -
2 Commemorations, Portuguese historic
As in so many other activities of Portugal and its people, in historic commemorative work, the past always seems present. For more than a century, Portugal has planned and sponsored a variety of historic commemorations related to the glorious Age of Discoveries era of historic Portugal. The Columban centenary commemorations, involving Spain and Italy in particular, have gained greater world attention, Portugal, nevertheless, has a history of her own commemorations.Whatever the political ideology of the governmental system involved, Portugal's historic commemorations have been continuous and well-planned, and have sought to stir national pride as well as regime loyalty. Portugal's official efforts in public commemoration date at least back to 1880, when the Portuguese celebrated the 300th anniversary of the death of the national epic poet, Luís de Camões. Others followed that sought to arouse national remembrance and encourage notions of national revival, by focusing either on biographical or national discovery dates. The next major commemoration was in 1894, when Portugal commemorated the 500th anniversary of the birth in 1394 of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator) and, in 1897-99, the 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India.The 20th century has seen the most elaborate and publicized historic commemorations for Portugal. Besides its extensive propaganda program beginning in the 1930s, the Estado Novo put considerable effort into extensive historic commemorations, with the purpose of encouraging national pride and international respect, as well as regime loyalty. At least three national commemorations are worthy of note here, although scores of other events were held on a smaller scale. From June to December 1940, Portugal held the grand Double Centenary celebrations, which celebrated Portugal's emergence as an independent monarchy and state in 1140 (800 years) and the restoration of independence from Spain in 1640 (300 years). More than five months of activities included expensive publications of books and tourist materials, exhibits, academic conferences, and an outstanding Lisbon "world's fair" known as the "Exposition of the Portuguese World," staged at Belém, in front of the Monastery of Jerónimos, and involving the unveiling for the first time of the new Monument of the Discoveries.Two other commemorations of the Estado Novo deserve mention: the 1947 celebration of the 800th anniversary of the Portuguese taking of Lisbon (1147) from Moorish forces and the 1960 commemoration activities marking the 500th anniversary of the death of the central figure of the Portuguese Discoveries, Prince Henry the Navigator. The latter set of events took place during a time of political sensitivity, when the government's African policy was under strong international pressures.Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, democratic Portugal has put substantial resources into commemorating various persons and events of the Age of Discoveries. In 1980, Portugal's scholars celebrated the 400th anniversary of the death of the national poet Camões in many books, articles, exhibits, and conferences. But this would all be overshadowed by the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese Discoveries, which would run from 1988 to 2000. This elaborate effort involved the establishment of a government agency, the National Committee for the Commemoration of the Portuguese Discoveries, headed by one of Portugal's most eminent scholars on the subject, Dr. Vasco Graça Moura. Commemoration began in 1988 with the celebration and reenactment of the 1488 voyage of navigator Bartolomeu Dias from Lisbon to beyond the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa. The 12-year cycle, the longest Discoveries commemorations of any century and of any Western country, put the 1992 Columban Quincentenary events somewhat in the shade.Between May and October 1998, Portugal held Expo '98 in Lisbon, a world's fair that was keyed to the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of an all-water route to India in 1498. This cycle ended in 2000, marking the 500th anniversary of the year that Portugal's Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Commemorations, Portuguese historic
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3 Vicente, Gil
(ca. 1465-ca. 1537)Sixteenth-century Portuguese playwright, perhaps Portugal's greatest, who was also a talented goldsmith, musician, actor, and dramatist. Born in humble circumstances, Gil Vicente rose to become an important figure, recognized and celebrated in the royal court of his day. His first play or auto was performed in 1502, and his last piece was produced in 1536. Vicente's work was influenced not only by the religious plays of late medieval Portugal, but by work from contemporary humanism and the Renaissance.There were at least four basic aspects of Vicentine plays: dramatization of rural folklore, social satire, imaginative analysis of nature, and religious themes. What was remarkable about Vicente, in addition to his great versatility (he was the goldsmith who produced the gold monstrance in the Monastery of Jerônimos) and brilliance, was that he was popular with both the people and the elite, and was a masterful dramatist in a country lacking extraordinary dramatic traditions. Some of his plays were censored by the Inquisition after his death, and it was only during the 19th-century romantic era that Portuguese writers sought a revival of his reputation. -
4 Discoveries, Monument of the
Located on the Tagus shore in Belém, not far from the Tower of Belém and the Jerónimos Monastery, the Monument of the Discoveries is a stone tribute of relatively recent origin. Built originally in 1940, as part of the Estado Novo's Double Centenary Exposition of the Portuguese World, the Monument of the Discoveries was constructed of temporary, lightweight materials. Unlike most of the exposition's constructions, however, the monument was not torn down after the exposition closed in December 1940. It remained in place and was reconstructed out of permanent materials and stone in time for the 1960 celebrations of the 500th anniversary of the death of Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator).The monument is the work of sculptor Leopoldo de Almeida. It is complemented by an enormous mosaic wind rose showing the points of the compass, which was contributed by the Union of South Africa and is set in the open square just inland from the monument. This modern construction forms an imposing caravel in full sail, with Prince Henry the Navigator at the prow and a group of the country's chief navigators and sailors behind him. Notably, Columbus, who sailed for Spain, is not among them.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Discoveries, Monument of the
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5 Gama, Vasco da
(1468?-1524)Navigator, conqueror, and fleet commander of the Portuguese ships that discovered the sea route to India in 1497-98. Born in Sines and trained in navigation, Vasco da Gama was named commander of four—by today's standards very small—vessels, which left the Tagus from Belém on 8 July 1497. The fleet sailed via the Cape Verde Islands down the African coast and passed the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, on 18 November 1497. After cruising up the coast of East Africa, Vasco da Gama's ships reached Mombasa and then Melinde, where a friendly sultan permitted an Indian Ocean pilot to assist da Gama in the voyage east to the west coast of what became Portuguese India. The Portuguese reached Calicut, India, on 18 May 1498. Vasco da Gama's missions were to discover the route to India, tap into the spice markets of Asia, and contact and make treaties with Christian rulers there.Perhaps the greatest of Portugal's discoverers and sea explorers, da Gama accomplished these missions, although liaison with Christian princes proved illusory; Portugal broke the spice monopoly of the Venetian-Asian system and began the process of prying open Asia to Western trade, conquest, and empire.The first of da Gama's ships returned to Lisbon in July 1499, and da Gama himself returned later in the summer. In the age of exploration, in a different league even than Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the West Indies, da Gama's feat stands unequaled: the distance from Portugal to India by the most direct route around the Cape of Good Hope was 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) by sea under severe conditions typical of the age of sail. The entire round trip took two years, and out of about 170 crew members only 55 returned to Lisbon. King Manuel I showered the navigator-commander with honors. Da Gama made another voyage to Calicut (1502-04) and died in government service in India in 1524. Along with other famous navigator-conquerors of the Age of Discoveries, as well as the national epic poet Luís de Camões, Vasco da Gama is buried in the Jerônimos Monastery. -
6 Manuel I, king
(1469-1521)King Manuel I, named "The Fortunate" in Portuguese tradition, ruled from 1495 to 1521, the zenith of Portugal's world power and imperial strength. Manuel was the 14th king of Portugal and the ninth son of Infante Dom Fernando and Dona Brites, as well as the adopted son of King João II (r. 1481-95). Manuel ascended the throne when the royal heir, Dom Afonso, the victim of a riding accident, suddenly died. Manuel's three marriages provide a map of the royal and international history of the era. His first marriage (1497) was to the widow of Dom Afonso, son of King João II, late heir to the throne. The second (1500) was to the Infanta Dona Maria of Castile, and the third marriage (1518) was to Dona Leonor, sister of King Carlos V (Hapsburg emperor and king of Spain).Manuel's reign featured several important developments in government, such as the centralization of state power and royal absolutism; overseas expansion, namely the decision in 1495 to continue on from Africa to Asia and the building of an Asian maritime trade empire; and innovation and creativity in culture, with the emergence of the Manueline architectural style and the writings of Gil Vicente and others. There was also an impact on population and demography with the expulsion or forcible conversion of the Jews. In 1496, King Manuel I approved a decree that forced all Jews who would not become baptized as Christians to leave the country within 10 months. The Jews had been expelled from Spain in 1492. The economic impact on Portugal in coming decades or even centuries is debatable, but it is clear that a significant number of Jews converted and remained in Portugal, becoming part of the Portuguese establishment.King Manuel's decision in 1495, backed by a royal council and by the Cortes called that year, to continue the quest for Asia by means of seeking an all-water route from Portugal around Africa to India was momentous. Sponsorship of Vasco da Gama's first great voyage (1497-99) to India was the beginning of an era of unprecedented imperial wealth, power, and excitement. It became the official goal to create a maritime monopoly of the Asian spice trade and keep it in Portugal's hands. When Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage from Lisbon to India was dispatched in 1500, its route was deliberately planned to swing southwest into the Atlantic, thus sighting "The Land of the Holy Cross," or Brazil, which soon became a Portuguese colony. Under King Manuel, the foundations were laid for Portugal's Brazilian and Asian empire, from Calicut to the Moluccas. Described by France's King Francis I as the "Grocer King," with his command of the mighty spice trade, King Manuel approved of a fitting monument to the new empire: the building of the magnificent Jerónimos Monastery where, after his death in 1521, both Manuel and Vasco da Gama were laid to rest. -
7 Manueline architectural style
An innovative, unique architectural and art style named after King Manuel I (r. 1495-1521). In the middle of the 19th century, Portuguese romantic writers, including the great Almeida Garrett, began to describe the unusual architectural style developed during Manuel's reign as "Manueline." In recent years, some scholars have termed the style "Atlantic baroque" instead, because it combines themes of maritime life and a grotesque, even wild look. The style continued some years after Manuel's death in 1521. Both civil and religious architecture were affected by the style. It appears in private houses, as well as in historical monuments such as Jerónimos Monastery and the famous "Tomar Window" of the Order of Christ Chapel in Tomar. Typical of Manueline decorations are sea life and maritime themes of coral, ropes, buoys, cork, ship rigging, seaweeds and other sea plant life; tropical fruits and vegetables; and figures of mariners, all rendered in stone.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Manueline architectural style
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8 Belém, Tower of
Built during the country's early imperial age when Portugal was a world maritime power, the Tower of Belém (Torre do Belém) in Lisbon was constructed as a defense against maritime attack in the Tagus River. This historic stone tower, one of Portugal's most perfect Manueline architectural style monument-treasures, was begun in 1515 by order of King Manuel I. The first architect was the military architect Francisco Arruda, and the tower was built in the River Tagus.With changes in tides, time, and the shoreline since, the tower today rests close to the Belém shoreline. The tower was built to accommodate a garrison, a prison, and artillery to ward off pirates and other raiders coming from the Atlantic up the Tagus River. Eclectic in architectural style, the tower's styles include Roman-Gothic and Manu-eline, with touches of Venetian and Moroccan influence. Located not far from the massive Monastery of Jerónimos convent, the tower is square and is surrounded by a polygonal bulwark, as well as by walls facing the Tagus. Centuries after its use in defense had ceased, the tower in its restored state became a memorable symbol of Portugal's Age of Discoveries and expansion, as well as a much-photographed icon in tourist literature. -
9 Telmo, José Ângelo Cottinelli
(1897-1948)Architect, artist, musician, photographer, illustrator, and filmmaker. Trained at the Escola de Belas-Artes, Lisbon, he produced the classic film A Canção de Lisboa (Song of Lisbon). Although best known for his extraordinary architectural creations, he was also a musician, dancer, and photographer, and it was Cottinelli Telmo who introduced the newspaper cartoon ( banda desenhada) to Portugal. A visionary creator and organizer, he pioneered the notion of the "garden-city" in Lisbon. While he was employed by the Portuguese railroads, he designed train stations and other structures, including several in Lisbon, Campolide, and Caçém.His most memorable contribution was work at the massive 1940 Exposition of the Portuguese World at Belém, a kind of world's fair that opened in the weeks before the fall of France in June 1940. The centerpiece of this exposition, in what is now the Praça do Império and fronting on the Monastery of Jerônimos, was the Pavilion of the Portuguese in the World. Named chief architect by Minister of Public Works Duarte Pacheco, Cottinelli Telmo gathered around him a stellar array of the country's finest architects and artists of their generation. Other major projects were buildings in Belém, the Sanctuary at Fátima, the Catholic shrine, and Coimbra's University City.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Telmo, José Ângelo Cottinelli
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